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Their number is variously reported as from two to eight. Sirens are found in many Greek stories, notably in Homer's Odyssey. Roman writers linked them more closely to the sea, as daughters of Phorcys. Epimenides claimed that the sirens were children of Oceanus and Ge. In Euripides's play Helen (167), Helen in her anguish calls upon "Winged maidens, daughters of the Earth ( Chthon)." Although they lured mariners, the Greeks portrayed the sirens in their "meadow starred with flowers" and not as sea deities. Family Īlthough a Sophocles fragment makes Phorcys their father, when sirens are named, they are usually as daughters of the river god Achelous, either by the Muse Terpsichore, Melpomene or Calliope or lastly by Sterope, daughter of King Porthaon of Calydon. 475 BCĮnglish artist William Etty portrayed the sirens as young women in fully human form in his 1837 painting The Sirens and Ulysses, a practice copied by future artists. Odysseus and the Sirens, eponymous vase of the Siren Painter, c. The first-century Roman historian Pliny the Elder discounted sirens as a pure fable, "although Dinon, the father of Clearchus, a celebrated writer, asserts that they exist in India, and that they charm men by their song, and, having first lulled them to sleep, tear them to pieces." In his notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci wrote, "The siren sings so sweetly that she lulls the mariners to sleep then she climbs upon the ships and kills the sleeping mariners." Originally, sirens were shown as male or female, but the male siren disappeared from art around the fifth century BC. īy the Middle Ages, the figure of the siren had transformed into the enduring mermaid figure.
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The tenth-century Byzantine encyclopedia Suda says that from their chests up, sirens had the form of sparrows, and below they were women or, alternatively, that they were little birds with women's faces. The seventh-century Anglo-Latin catalogue Liber Monstrorum says that sirens were women from their heads to their navels, and instead of legs they had fish tails. Later, they were represented as female figures with the legs of birds, with or without wings, playing a variety of musical instruments, especially harps and lyres. In early Greek art, they were represented as birds with large women's heads, bird feathers and scaly feet. Sirens were believed to look like a combination of women and birds in various different forms. Moaning siren statuette from Myrina, first century BC